Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) continue to be a popular asset class in crypto. But NFTs aren’t only for buying, selling and holding. Just like other assets, they can be part of more complex and lucrative financial arrangements.

The need for financial instruments in the NFT market stems from a significant problem. While you can sell bitcoin pretty much instantly, the NFT market is far more illiquid. It could take months until someone buys your NFT.

And when you sell your NFT, you have to sell the whole thing. Lots of people don’t want to part with their NFTs forever – not even parts of it, as would be the case with NFT fractionalization.

These problems explain why NFT lending has become the latest sector to emerge and has become even more popular with NFT marketplace Blur's entry into the space, Blend. NFT lending solves the problem of low liquidity in NFTs while encouraging more people to invest in the NFT market by lowering the cost of entry.

The sector is structured around a few models:

Remember that financial investment in NFTs and decentralized finance (DeFi) – or the intersection of both as in this case – presents a myriad of risks, including sudden downturns in the cryptocurrency market, smart contract exploits and regulatory crackdowns. Although many of these platforms are audited, an audit doesn’t guarantee safety, it only points out the errors in a platform’s code as far as the auditor can spot.

Read More: The Risks of DeFi Lending

The first kind of NFT lending replicates the classic model of a lending marketplace: matching lenders with borrowers.

NFTfi is one popular peer-to-peer NFT lending platform. When you list your NFT as collateral on the platform, you receive loan offers from others. If you like any of the offers, you can accept one and immediately receive wrapper ether (WETH) or DAI (a stablecoin) from the lending user’s wallet. As part of the loan agreement, the platform automatically transfers your NFT into a digital vault – an escrow smart contract – for the duration of the loan.

You get your NFT back into your wallet when you repay the loan before the expiration date. If you default on your loan, the lender will receive your NFT at a huge discount. Drastic changes in an NFT collection’s floor price don’t affect the loan terms; it’s a peer-to-peer deal with its own terms.

Here’s an actual example of an NFTfi loan. Someone who bought Bored Ape Yacht Club #8646 for 0.55 ETH a year ago has collateralized the NFT for 90 days. The lender provided a loan of 45 WETH to the NFT owner on May 7. And by Aug. 5, the lender received either 48.328767 wETH (that’s a 30% annual percentage rate) or if the NFT owner had defaulted, the collateralized NFT. At the time of writing, NFT appraisal platform Upshot values the collateralized Bored Ape NFT at 123.63564 ETH, and another appraisal platform NFTBank values it at 147.29025 ETH.

NFTfi charges lenders 5% on the interest earned on successful loans (no fee in case of a loan default). Borrowers use the platform with no service fee.

Arcade (formerly Pawn.fi) is another popular peer-to-peer NFT lending platform.

Arcade allows users to wrap multiple NFTs – such as several CryptoPunks – into one wrapped NFT that can be collateralized as a single asset. The platform offers more flexibility in borrowing terms than NFTfi does. You can indicate with ERC-20 tokens what you would be willing to accept, for example.

There have been several recent entries to the NFT lending landscape, most notably Blend, which recorded $308 million in trading volume in its first 22 days in May 2023.

While peer-to-peer NFT lending allows for customizable loan terms, peer-to-protocol NFT lending platforms allow you to borrow directly from the protocol.

Similar to DeFi lending protocols, these NFT lending platforms rely on liquidity providers adding crypto funds to a protocol pool. Borrowers can access liquidity immediately after collateralizing their NFTs and locking them up in the protocol’s smart contract-powered digital vaults.

BendDAO is a popular platform that functions under the peer-to-protocol model. The protocol had around 1,000 NFTs collateralized in May 2022, including 273 Bored Ape Yacht Club NFTs.

The platform uses Chainlink oracles – which are bridges connecting blockchains to data streams – to get the floor price information from OpenSea, the most popular NFT trading platform. BendDAO liquidates collateralized NFTs when the floor price in the collection falls below a certain health factor, which takes into account the market value of the NFT collateral and the borrowed amount. But there’s a 48-hour wait period before any liquidation happens, giving the NFT owner a chance to rescue their beloved NFT from slipping away from their hands.

Read More: What Are Blockchain Bridges?

Pine is another peer-to-protocol platform that lets borrowers take out ether (ETH), solana (SOL) or stablecoins against their NFT collaterals. The platform lets in more NFT collections than BendDAO does.

With the platform's current form, users will lose their NFT only if they don't repay by the expiration date. But in the next version of Pine, users will face liquidation because of poor "health" factors, similar to how BendDAO operates. The platform also promises a “thorough borrower protection plan” in the future.

MakerDAO, which is one of the oldest platforms in DeFi, is famous for its collateralized debt position (CDP) structure, which lets borrowers take out the stablecoin DAI when they collateralize ETH.

Following a similar model, JPEG’d offers non-fungible debt positions. The platform, which had a total value locked (TVL) of 4,846 ETH in its smart contracts in May 2022, lets users collateralize whitelisted blue-chip NFTs like CryptoPunks and borrow a synthetic stablecoin, $PUSd, which is pegged to the U.S. dollar on a 1:1 basis.

As a borrower, you can use $PUSd to provide liquidity on the protocol and earn interest or you can swap it for other cryptocurrencies to seek opportunities elsewhere. And when you repay the loan, you can take back control of your NFT.

Similar to peer-to-pool lending platforms like BendDAO, JPEG’d uses Chainlink oracles to keep tabs on the market price of its NFT collaterals.

A final category is NFT rentals, where reNFT is a popular platform. It’s a permissionless market for potential renters and tenants with varying rental terms and conditions.

Instead of locking up NFT collaterals in a digital vault, the protocol facilitates peer-to-peer NFT rentals where the asset transfers from one wallet to another wallet for the duration of “tenancy.” As a tenant of a rented NFT, you receive full access to token-gated perks like Discord servers or whitelist giveaways made available to the holders of certain NFTs.

Although for NFT owners the protocol allows access to liquidity, the motives aren’t necessarily about earning yields for those who buy a "tenancy" – in fact, they pay for the privilege of access and crypto credibility. In one case of a three-month CryptoPunk rental last year, for example, the tenant saw his “[social-media] engagement skyrocket and has made a full name for himself in the space.”

Read More: Binance Launching NFT Loan Feature